Content Review of the Entire Course!!

AP US Government & Politics Content Review Name: _ Pd.

Directions: Each subsection is hyperlinked to either the __HippoCampus website__ or the Flat World Knowledge E-Book. You will need to answer and STUDY the following questions. You should keep you answers as succinct and detailed as possible. If you are caught copying or giving answers to other students, you will earn an automatic zero.
I. Constitutional Beginnings:
A. __The Nature of Governments:__
1. Describe some of the purposes of ‘government’.
2. What are some of the differences between a monarchy and a dictatorship?
3. Compare/contrast a direct democracy with an indirect democracy.

B. __Theories of Democracy__:__
4. Define and provide examples for each of the following theories of democracy:

	Write the definition in 10 words or less	List examples of each theory
Traditional Theory of Democracy
Pluralist Theory of Democracy
Elite Theory of Democracy
Hyperpluralism Theory of Democracy

C. __The Policy-Making Cycle__:
5. From what sources do Americans become politically socialized?
6. Summarize the steps of the policy-making cycle:

Steps	Provide a concise summary of each step
1: Raise Awareness
2: Create Policy Agenda
3: Prioritize the Agenda
4: Enact New Public Policy
5: Evaluate the Policy

D. __Enlightenment Political Philosophies__:
7. Compare the political theories of Thomas Hobbes & John Locke

List the Political Theories of Thomas Hobbes	Identify the similarities of both Hobbes and Locke	List the Political Theories of John Locke

II. American Documents:
A. __Declaration of Independence__:
8. Explain how the Declaration of Independence incorporated some of the ideas of John Locke.

B. __The Articles of Confederation__:
9. List some of the powers held by the central government in the Articles of Confederation.
10. Describe some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
11. How did Shays’ Rebellion show some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

C. __The U.S. Constitution__:
12. Describe the concept of factions.
13. List the features of the Connecticut (Great) Compromise.
14. Explain the controversy over the creation of the Three-Fifths Compromise.
D. __Constitutional Principles__:
15. Describe the meaning of the following constitutional principles:

Principle	Write the definition in 10 words or less	Provide an example of the principle
Popular sovereignty
Limited government
Separation of powers
Checks and balances
Judicial review
Federalism

E. __Structure of the Constitution__:
16. Define the following concepts using six words or less. All three of these concepts are forbidden under the US Constitution.

Concept	Write the definition in 10 words or less
Writ of Habeas Corpus
Bills of Attainder
Ex Post Facto Laws

17. Define the meaning of the following constitutional provisions.

Constitutional Provision	Write the definition in 10 words or less
“Full Faith and Credit Clause”
“Supremacy Clause”

F. __The Purpose and Intent of the Founders__:
18. Why did many states want the US Constitution to include a Bill of Rights?
19. Describe how the following court cases shaped how the Bill of Rights affected the states:
- Barron v. Baltimore (1833):
- Gitlow v. New York (1925):

G. __The Bill of Rights__:
20. While being as succinct & detailed as possible, describe the freedoms contained in the Bill of Rights:

Bill of Rights	List the freedoms contained in each amendment
1st Amendment
2nd Amendment
3rd Amendment
4th Amendment
5th Amendment
6th Amendment
7th Amendment
8th Amendment
9th Amendment
10th Amendment

H. __Amendments After the Bill of Rights__:
21. Concisely describe the provisions of each of the following amendments:

Amendment	Explain the amendment in 10 words or less
11th Amendment
12th Amendment
13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
16th Amendment
17th Amendment
18th Amendment
19th Amendment
20th Amendment
21st Amendment
22nd Amendment
23rd Amendment
24th Amendment
25th Amendment
26th Amendment
27th Amendment

III. American Federalism:
A. __Defining Federalism__:
22. What is federalism?
23. Why did the Founders feel that dividing power was necessary?
24. Compare and contrast Dual Federalism and Cooperative Federalism.

Explain Dual Federalism	How are they both similar?	Explain Cooperative Federalism

25. Define the meaning of decentralization. How does the US federal system display decentralization?
B. __Separation of National and State Governments__:
26. Define the following types of constitutional powers

Constitutional Powers	Define each in 10 words or less	List at least two examples of each type of power
Enumerated powers
Implied powers
Inherent powers
Reserved powers
Concurrent power

27. Why is the “necessary and proper clause” commonly called the elastic clause?

28. Describe the important precedent set by McCulloch v. Maryland (1819).
29. Describe the important precedent set by Gibbons v. Ogden (1824).
C. __Cooperative Federalism__:
30. Why is cooperative federalism often referred to as marble cake federalism?
31. Describe how the US government has become more cooperative.
D. __Fiscal Federalism__:
32. Describe the meaning of fiscal federalism.
33. How does fiscal federalism resemble the “carrot and a stick” metaphor?
34. Define the meaning of the following grants-in-aid:

Types of Grants-in-Aid	Write the definition in 10 words or less
Categorical Grants
Formula Grants
Project Grants
Block Grants

35. Explain the controversy of the federal government creating unfunded mandates for states. How does No Child Left Behind exemplify the meaning of an unfunded mandate?
36. Describe the concept of devolution.


IV. Political Parties & Voting Behavior:
A. //__The Function of Parties in America__//:
37. List and describe the five functions of political parties.
38. Define partisanship in six words or less.
B. //__Third Parties__//:
39. Describe how and why third parties begin.
40. Explain how the American political system limits the influence of third parties.
41. Describe how third parties can act as “spoilers” in elections. Provide a recent example.
C. //__Organization of Parties__//:
42. Describe the organization of American political parties—include information regarding the impact of federalism, national committees, national chairpersons, national conventions, and state committees.
43. Explain the purpose of primary elections.
44. List the pros and cons of political machines.
D. //__Factors that Lead to Party Identification__//:
45. Describe the trends of party identification when it comes to religion, education, age, and economics.
E. //__Party Realignment and Dealignment__//:
46. What happens during party realignment? Provide some examples of realignment occurring.
47. What happens during party dealignment? Why do many political scientists feel that the US is in a period of party dealignment—how does “divided government” play a role?
F. //__Demographics__//:
48. Using the most recent data from this chart, put a mark identifying how each group tends to vote.

Demographics	Put a mark if the grouptends to vote for Democrats.	Put a mark if the grouptends to vote for Republicans.	Put a mark if the group tends to be inconclusive in their support of a political party.
Gender: Men
Gender: Women
Race: White
Race: Non-White
Education: College
Education: High School
Occupation: Professional/Business
Occupation: White Collar
Occupation: Manual Labor
Occupation: Union Members
Age: Under 30
Age: 30-49
Age: 50 and over
Religion: Protestant
Religion: Catholic
Demographics	Put a mark if the grouptends to vote for Democrats.	Put a mark if the grouptends to vote for Republicans.	Put a mark if the group tends to inconclusively vote for a political party.
Region: East
Region: Midwest
Region: South
Region: West

G. //__Intensity__//:
49. How does political efficacy affect voter intensity?
50. What is the difference between internal efficacy and external efficacy?
51. Based on what you have learned this year, what is the most important factor that determines if a person votes? What demographic groups tend to vote less often? (You will need to use past notes to answer this question)

V. Elections:
A. __Cost of Elections__:
52. Explain why campaigns for office cost so much money.
53. Why do political interest groups participate in electioneering?
54. Why did Political Action Committees (PACs) begin? What do PACs do?
55. Even though interest groups often have a negative reputation, how do interest groups positively influence the USA?

B. __Campaign Finance Reform__:
56. Define soft money. How did the McCain-Feingold Act (2002) attempt to limit soft money?
57. What important precedent came from the famous Buckley v. Valeo (1976) court case?
58. Describe the job of the Federal Elections Commission (FEC).

C. __Incumbency__:
59. Define the word incumbent. Why do members in the House of Representatives tend to have a higher reelection rate than do members in the Senate?
60. List the advantages incumbents have when it comes to winning reelection. Include information about franking, pork-barrel legislation, junkets, and credit claiming.
D. __House and Senate Elections__:
61. List the qualifications to run for the House of Representatives.
62. What factor determines how many members a state receives in the House of Representatives?
63. Define the concept single-member districts.
64. How do marginal districts differ from safe districts.
65. How did the passage of the 17th Amendment affect US senatorial elections?
66. List the qualifications to run for the US Senate.
E. __The Electoral College__:
67. Discuss why the Framers were hesitant to allow a popular vote to determine who would become president.
68. Briefly explain how the Electoral College works. How does the winner-take-all feature affect elections?
69. List the pros and cons of using the Electoral College.

Pros of the Electoral College	Cons of the Electoral College

F. __Primaries, Caucuses, and the Conventions__:
70. How do caucuses differ from primaries?
71. How do closed primaries differ from open primaries?
72. Why do many states try to hold their primaries/caucuses as early as possible? (this is called “frontloading”)
73. Describe what occurs at conventions.

G. __General Elections__:
74. Describe the pros and cons of being an incumbent presidential candidate.

Pros of being an incumbent president	Cons of being an incumbent president

75. Describe the pros and cons of being challenger in a presidential election.

Pros of being a challenger	Cons of being a challenger

VI. The Legislative Branch:
A. __Composition of the House__:
76. What is the basis for representation in the House of Representatives?
77. What happens during reapportionment?
78. Why is gerrymandering so controversial? List the current laws when it comes to regulating redistricting. (Check your notes!)
79. How did precedents of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynold v. Sims (1964) each affect the redistricting process?
80. Describe the hierarchy of leadership in the House of Representatives.
B. __Committees and the Iron Triangle__:
81. Why are committees an important element in the House?
82. Define the following types of committees:

Committees	Write the definition in 10 words or less
Standing Committee
Joint Committee
Conference Committee
Select Committee

83. What is an iron triangle?
84. List the pros and cons of iron triangles:

Pros of Iron Triangles	Cons of Iron Triangles

C. __Composition of the Senate__:
85. List some of the differences that distinguish the Senate from the House.

D. __Power, Committees, and Debates__:
86. Describe the hierarchy of leadership in the Senate. Who has the “real power”?
87. Identify and describe the distinguishing powers of the Senate.
88. What is a filibuster? Why do filibusters only happen in the Senate, but not the House? How can a filibuster be broken?
E. __Route of a Bill through Congress__:
89. Define the following concepts:

Lawmaking Concepts	Write the definition in 10 words or less
Bill
Public bill
Private bill
Resolutions
Joint resolutions
Concurrent resolutions
Cloture

90. Using your notes, succinctly outline the steps needed for a bill to become law. Include the role of the House Rules Committee, conference committees, and possible filibuster.

F. __Veto Power and Judicial Review__:
91. Identify and explain the four options the president can take after Congress has passed a bill.
92. How can the Supreme Court affect a law?

VII. The Executive Branch:
A. __Qualifications and Qualities__:
93. List the constitutional qualifications needed to become president.

B. __Rules and Contingencies__:
94. Explain the purpose of the 25th Amendment.
95. Provide a historical example illustrating the Presidential Succession Act being used.
96. Specifically explain how a president can be removed from office. Provide at least one historical example of this process being used.
97. How does the 22nd Amendment limit the president.

C. __Express Roles:__
98. Describe the expressed roles of the president (as laid out in the Constitution):

Role	Explanation of Role	Example of Role
Commander in Chief
Chief Executive
Chief Diplomat
Role	Explanation of Role	Example of Role
Chief Legislator

99. Describe the expressed role of the vice president (as laid out in the Constitution):

D. __Traditional Roles and Special Powers__:
100. How can the president help other candidate via his/her “coattails”?
101. Provide an example showing how the president sometimes might not be leading his political party.
102. Define pardon and reprieve. What is the most infamous pardon in US political history?

E. __Executive Offices and Staff__:
103. Describe the roles of the following White House offices.

White House Office	List the responsibilities of each office
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
National Security Council
Council of Economic Advisors

104. Why is the chief of staff an important asset to the president?
F. __Approval Ratings and Public Perception__:
105. Why is the beginning of a president’s term considered to be the “honeymoon” phase?
106. Describe factors that often cause a president to have positive public opinion poll figures.
107. Provide historical examples showing how presidential public opinion figures can dramatically decline.

G. __Polls and Polling__:
108. Why is polling an important part of the US political system?
109. List the pros and cons of exit polling:

Pros of Exit Polling	Cons of Exit Polling

H. __Media and Press Coverage__:
110. What is the role of the president’s press secretary?
111. Why do presidents need to worry about their public image?

I. __The Office of Management and Budget__:
112. What is the federal budget?
113. Describe the role of the OMB in the federal budget process.
114. Where does the federal government receive most of its funding?
J. __Surpluses, Deficits, and the National Debt__:
115. Describe what happens when the government runs a budget surplus.
116. Describe what happens when the government runs a budget deficit. How is the national debt related?
117. What items take up the largest percentage of the annual federal budget? Why are entitlements and interest on the national debt considered fixed spending?
K. __Budget Timetable__:
118. In as few words as possible, describe how the federal budget process exemplifies the principle of checks and
balances.
119. Using your notes, what famous law created the current federal budget process?

VIII. The Bureaucracy:
A. __Perceptions of the Bureaucracy__:
120. List the pros and cons of bureaucracy.

Pros of Bureaucracy	Cons of Bureaucracy

B. __Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy__:
121. Describe the composition of the federal bureaucracy.
122. Why are regulatory agencies considered quasi-legislative, quasi-executive, and quasi-judicial?
123. How do regulatory agencies differ from executive agencies? Provide examples of each type of bureaucratic agency.

C. __Bureaucratic Reform__:
124. How were most jobs in government filled before the 1880s? What tragic event took place that changed the staffing of the federal bureaucracy?
125. List the major provisions of the Hatch Act.
126. List the responsibilities of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and the Merit Systems Protection Board.
127. Why is the federal government a necessary entity?
D. __The Origin of the Cabinet__:
128. Describe the role of each of the following cabinet departments:

Cabinet Department	List the MAIN responsibilities of each department
Department of State
Department of Defense
Department of the Treasury
Department of Justice
Department of Homeland Security

E. __The Cabinet in Practice__:
129. Who must confirm any leader of a cabinet department?
130. Describe the responsibilities of a cabinet leader.
F. __Regulatory Agencies__:
131. Describe the functions of the following regulatory agencies:

Regulatory Agency	List the MAIN responsibilities of each agency
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
National Security Council (NSC)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The Federal Reserve System (FED)

G. __Government Corporations__:
132. What Is a government corporation?
133. List the responsibilities of the following government corporations:

Government Corporation	List the MAIN responsibilities of each corporation
United States Postal Service (USPS)
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

H. __Legislative and Executive Constraints__:
134. Describe how the following laws limit the power of bureaucracies:

Law	Explain how these laws limit the federal bureaucracy
The Administrative Procedure Act (1947)
The Freedom of Information Act (1966)
The National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
The Privacy Act of 1974
The Open Meeting Law (1976)

135. List some actions the president can take to limit the power of bureaucratic agencies.

I. __Congressional and Judicial Constraints__:
136. List and describe the powers Congress can use to limit bureaucratic agencies.
137. How can the judicial branch limit the power of bureaucratic agencies?
138. Define issue networks. Why do some political scientists believe “issue networks” are more prevalent than “iron triangles”?


IX. The Judiciary:
A. __Constitutional and Legislative Courts__:
139. Describe how checks and balances plays a role in naming federal judges. Why do presidents often follow the unwritten rule of senatorial courtesy when nominating state-level judges?
140. How do grand juries differ from petit juries?
141. Compare and contrast federal district courts with federal courts of appeal:

	Federal District Courts	Federal Courts Of Appeal
List the type of jurisdictionfor each court
What is the main job of this type of court?
# of Courts

142. How do legislative courts differ from constitutional courts?

B. __The United States Supreme Court__:
143. In what types of cases does the US Supreme Court hold original jurisdiction?
144. How many cases are appealed to the Supreme Court each year? How many cases does the court usually hear? How many justices is necessary for a case to be grantedwrit of certiorari?
145. Why does the Supreme Court often refuse to hear certain cases?
146. Describe the meaning of the principle stare decisis.

147. If the Supreme Court accepts an appellate case, what must each party then do? How much time does each side receive when they argue their case at the Supreme Court?
148. Define the following types of Supreme Court Opinions:

Court Opinion	Write the definition in 10 words or less
Majority Opinion
Concurring Opinion
Dissenting Opinion
Per Curium Opinion

149. How can dissenting opinions play a role after a case is decided? Provide an example.

C. __John Marshall and Roger Taney__:
150. What is the Marshall Court known for?
151. What is the Taney Court known for?
152. Describe the importance of the following court cases:

Court Case	List the precedent of each case
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
McCulloch v. Maryland(1819)
Court Case	List the precedent of each case
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Scott v. Stanford (1857) à“Ðred Scott decision”

D. __Earl Warren__:
153. What is the Warren Court known for?
154. Describe the importance of the following court cases:

Court Case	List the precedent of each case
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka(1954)
Gideon v. Wainwright(1963)
Engel v. Vitale (1963)
Miranda v. Arizona(1963)

E. __Warren Burger__:
155. What is the Burger Court known for?
156. Describe the importance of the following court cases:

Court Case	List the precedent of each case
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey(1992)
Regents of University of California v. Bakke (1978)

F. __Judicial Activism and Restraint__:
157. Describe the meaning of both judicial activism and judicial restraint.
158. Which philosophy applies to the famous case, Brown v. Board of Education (1954)? Why?
159. Why does the Supreme Court try to avoid political questions?

G. __Judicial Review and Construction__:
160. Describe the court’s power of judicial review.
161. Fill in the chart below that deals with different interpretations of the constitution.

	Strict Construction	Loose Construction
Write the Definition in10 words or less
Where in the Constitution can you find justification for these different philosophies?

H. __The Selection Process__:
162. List the qualifications to be a justice on the Supreme Court.
163. What types of characteristics do presidents usually look for when they nominate a justice to the Supreme Court?
164. Explain the purpose of using a political “litmus test” when selecting possible federal judges.
I. __The Confirmation Process__:
165. Describe what happens at the confirmation hearing. Why did the Senate nearly vote against the confirmation of Clarence Thomas?
166. What role do interest groups play in the selection/confirmation of potential Supreme Court justices?
X. Civil Liberties: The Bill of Rights Today
A. //__Unalienable Rights__//:
167. Define the concept of unalienable rights. Provide examples.
168. What is the purpose of the privileges and immunity clause that is located in the Constitution? How did the Supreme Court interpret this clause in the infamous Dred Scottdecision?
169. Why did the Federalists eventually decide to include a national Bill of Rights in order to get the Constitution ratified?
B. //__Selective Incorporation__//:
170. Why did the Bill of Rights originally only apply to the national government?
171. How did the case Gitlow v. New York (1925) affect the interpretation of the Bill of Rights?
172. Compare and contrast the concepts procedural due process and substantive due process.

Explain Procedural Due Process	List how they are Similar	Explain Substantive Due Process

C. //__Wall of Separation__//:
173. Describe the meaning of the phrase “wall of separation” when it comes to freedom of religion.
174. What is the purpose of the First Amendment’s establishment clause?
D. //__The Establishment Clause in Court__//:
175. According to the famous case, Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), what three criteria must be met in order for the government to provide aid to religious institutions (aka ‘The Lemon Test’)?
E. //__Free Exercise of Religion__//:
176. Describe the history of the USA being known as a country that promotes the free exercise of religion.
177. List the constitutional basis that allows people to practice their religion.
F. //__The Free Exercise Clause in Court__//:
178. Describe how the precedents of these cases have shaped the interpretation of the ”Free Exercise Clause”:

Court Case	List the precedent of each case
Reynolds v. United States(1879)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette(1943)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Employment Division v. Smith (1990)

G. //__Significance of Free Speech__//:
179. Define the following types of speech:

Type of Speech	Write the definition in 10 words or less	Examples
Pure Speech
Speech Plus
Symbolic Behavior

H. //__Rights and Limitations of Free Speech__//:
180. Why was the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 considered to be controversial?
181. Describe how the following court cases have limited free speech rights:

Court Case	List the precedent of each case
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Court Case	List the precedent of each case
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Johnson v. Texas (1989)
Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969)
Miller v. California (1973)
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
Chaplinksy v. State of New Hampshire (1942)

I. //__Rights and Limitations on Free Press__//:
182. How did the court case Near v. Minnesota (1931) affect the concept prior restraint?
183. Describe the circumstances that led to the “Pentagon Papers” case. How did the Supreme Court decide this conflict?
184. How did the precedent of Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) negatively affect members of the press?
J. //__Reasonable Searches and Seizures__//:
185. What led the constitutional framers to protect people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government?
186. Define probable cause.
187. Define warrant.
188. Why do most students disagree with the court’s decision in New Jersey v TLO (1985)?
189. How does California v Avecedo (1991) limit one’s freedoms when getting pulled over?
K. //__The Exclusionary Rule__//:
190. Define the exclusionary rule.
191. Why did civil libertarians praise the court for the Mapp v Ohio (1961) decision?
192. How did United States v Leon (1984) alter the Mapp ruling?
L. //__Self-incrimination__//:
193. What caused the framers to create protections for the accused?
194. List the protections included in the 5th Amendment that help the accused.
195. Explain how Miranda v Arizona (1966) shapes the modern interpretation of the 5th Amendment?
196. Do police always have to read someone their Miranda rights? Explain.
M. //__Speedy and Public Trials__//:
197. List the protections included in the 6th Amendment that help the accused.
198. How did the court case Barker v Wingo (1972) impact the modern interpretation of a “speedy trial”?
N. //__The Right to Counsel__//:
199. What is the importance of the court case Gideon v Wainwright (1963)?
O. //__Capital Punishment__//:
200. Define capital punishment.
201. Explain how federalism plays a role in the use of capital punishment.
202. According to the court case Gregg v Georgia (1976), what justifies the use of capital punishment?
XI. Civil Rights:
A. __Civil War__ Amendments
:
203. What was the purpose of the **13th Amendment**?

204. What were **Black Codes**? Describe the purpose of their usage.

205. What was the original purpose of the **14th Amendment**?

206. How was the “due process clause” of the 14th Amendment used to decide the following Supreme Court cases:
A. **//Lochner v. New York// (1905)**

B. **//Roe v. Wade// (1973)**

207. How was the “equal protection clause” of the 14th Amendment used to decide **//Plessy v. Ferguson// (1896)**? Describe the “**separate but equal doctrine**”.


208. How did the Supreme Court justify the decision in **//Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka// (1954)**?

209. What was the intent of the **15th Amendment**? Explain how the Voting Rights Act (1965) strengthened the 15th Amendment.

B. __The Civil Rights Movement:__
210. What methods were used by Civil Rights activists to bring attention to their cause?

211. Describe the contributions made by the following individuals in the Civil Rights Movement:
A. **__W.E.B. DuBois:__**

B. **__A. Philip Randolph:__**

C. **__Martin Luther King Jr.:__**

E. __Fannie Lou Hamer:__

C. __The Truman Era:__
212. Summarize President Harry Truman’s role in ensuring the equal protection of African Americans.

D. __The Eisenhower Era:__
213. Why was Eisenhower given the nickname “The New Emancipator”?

214. Describe how Eisenhower’s appointment of Earl Warren played a vital role in the //Brown// decision. How did cities in the South respond to the //Brown// decision?

215. Define **de jure segregation**.

E. __The Kennedy - Johnson Era:__
216. What are the provisions of the **Civil Rights Act of 1964**?

217. List the protections provided under the **24th Amendment**. Describe the relationship between the 24th Amendment and the **Voting Rights Act of 1965**.

218. What protections are included in the **Civil Rights Act of 1968**?

F. __Affirmative Action:__
219. What are the goals of Affirmative Action programs?

220. List some of the arguments against the use of **Affirmative Action** programs.

221. What were Allan Bakke’s arguments against the use of **Affirmative Action**? Describe how the Supreme Court decided the Bakke case. (hint—you should have this answer in #156)

222. List the modern precedents created by the two recent Supreme Court cases:

Court Case	List the precedent of each case
Grutter v. Bollinger(2001)
Gratz v. Bollinger(2001)

__XII. Policymaking and Domestic Policies:__
A. //__The US Economy:__//
223. List the features of **capitalism**.

224. Describe some of the factors that led to the collapse of the financial system during the fall of 2008.
225. What is **monetary policy**? Describe the Federal Reserve’s role in making monetary policy.


226. If the Fed wants to stimulate the US economy, they would **buy** government securities. What is the goal of the Fed buying government securities?


227. What is **fiscal policy**? Who is in charge of making **fiscal policy** at the federal level?


228. What role does each of the following agencies play when it comes to the federal budget?

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

B. //__Making Public Policies:__//
229. How do the Democrats and Republicans solutions differ in regards to shrinking the federal budget deficit?


230. List the roles interest groups play in shaping public policies.



231. How do policymakers use public opinion to shape public policies?



232. What are some of the reasons that cause policies to dramatically change? Provide one historic example.


C. //__Major Domestic Policies:__//
233. What are the pros and cons of the government providing public assistance (**welfare**)?

__Pros__ of Public Assistance	__Cons__ of Public Assistance

234. What types of benefits come from **Social Security**? Describe the potential looming problems facing Social Security?



235. What was the cause for creating the **No Child Left Behind** **Act**? List some of the law’s provision.



__XIII. Foreign and National Security Policies:__
A. //__The Executive Branch Makes Foreign and Military Policies:__//
236. List the formal foreign policy powers of the president.


237. How did the **National Security Act** reorganize the national security establishment?


238. Describe how each of the following items influence foreign policymaking:

	In **__10 words or less__** describe the role each group plays in foreign policy
National Security Council
State Department
Defense Department
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Department of Homeland Security

B. //__Influence from Congress and Outside Government:__//
239. Identify the formal foreign policymaking powers granted to Congress.


240. How does an **executive agreement** differ from a **treaty**?


241. How do each of the following nongovernmental groups influence foreign policy?

Think Tanks
Interest Groups
Public Opinion

C. //__The Major Foreign and National Security Policies:__//
242. What is **isolationism** and **internationalism**? Which foreign policy approach does the US currently use?



243. What was the idea behind the Cold War policy of **containment**? How did the US try to contain Soviet influence?